The Laurel Falls Jump :: Personal Narrative Swimming Papers

The Laurel Falls Jump The water looked at least(prenominal) a mile away. How could I be up this high? It had only taken me minutes to hike up to this ledge. Maybe my weariness from the hike and move had confused me, and I had not realized how long it took me to get here, or had the cliff actually gotten taller since the last time I was here? Whatever the reason, I knew this was higher than I wanted to be. How high was I really? Thirty feet, forty, one hundred feet even? What would Elaina think? Laurel Falls are elegant waterfalls near Hampton, Tennessee or so a thirty-minute drive from Johnson City. One of the best characteristics about Laurel Falls is that they are accessible and easy to find. This makes them a great house to take your friends, family, or girlfriend. Driving through Hampton, one can find a couple of different routes to take to the falls entrance. The first route is in close proximity with the town of Hampton. It is about a s even-mile hike one-way and has some treacherous trail to hike. The second route is much shorter. It is only about a mile and a half long and is a very manageable hike. The second route takes longer to get to because you take to drive further into the mountains to reach the trailhead. Both routes connect with the Appalachian Trail. From Johnson City, go northeast to Elizabethton. From Elizabethton, take RT 321 southeast to Hampton. In Hampton, follow signs to Dennis Cove Recreation Area. This takes you onto Dennis Cove Rd. Go east on Dennis Cove Rd., winding up the mountain about 4-5 miles until it crosses the Appalachian Trail (AT), where there is a parking area on the left and an information sign. If you get to the Dennis Cove Campground, you have gone too far (MikenMel). I had been to Laurel Falls many times before, and I thought that I knew a lot about them. puff up I was in for a big surprise.

Modern Energy Crisis Cause by Oil Companies Essay -- Gas Oil

Works CitedSince the September 11th incident it seems that energy prices postulate skyrocketed. non long ago gas prices were a dollar seventy-five, but now it is almost four dollars a gallon. These days gas and energy prices seem to be a weekly topic on local and national news. Every time there is some type of fluctuation, it causes chaos, because it is probably a difference of decennium cents and sometimes more. So that raise you received, just throw it right out the window because it is not doing anything for you except paying your energy bills and putting a little more amount gas in your tank. People point fingers in both direction searching for a scapegoat of this epidemic. Who is truly to blame? inunct companies argon to blame for the rising of energy prices.Energy consists of more than just fuel. It is your hot water, electricity, heat, as well as gas. All of these factors are considered energy sources, and the prices of them have significantly increased. Energy supplie s and prices are major economic factors in the U.S. and energy markets are volatile and unpredictable. (Glover and Behrens, Energy selected facts and numbers) This just shows how important energy is to the United States, which makes sense experience that inunct companies would attempt to overcharge and swindle us because the U.S. is dependent on it. Like the spoiled Americans that most of us are we use energy every day, and if all of a sudden we couldn?t access it things would be chaotic, for instance, the California blackout. Like most issues there is always two sides, just as in this one, and while oil companies ?observe? the energy price crisis, they blame the consumers.This epidemic is a strong battle between the consumers and oil companies. Oil companies think that the... ... carry in record profits almost every year. This only proves how much of a scandal this epidemic is. The whole issue is solely based on oil companies? exploitation of a situation.The rising of energy pr ices lie only in the hands of oil companies?not consumers. ?Each quarter of a year, oil companies see record profits.?(We Need Energy Independence, 19A) So every year oil companies are rich and getting richer at the expense of thinning wallets and shrinkage bank accounts of consumers, who apparently, according to oil companies, are at fault for this situation. ?Exxon Mobil?s 2nd quarter earnings jumped 35% over last year, Royal Dutch(Shell gas) rise 34%, and Conoco Phillips 51%.?(Oil Companies Profiteering) It is obvious that if oil companies are making all this money at our expense, it only makes sense for them to be at fault because the consumers are not blame.

Comparing Wuthering Heights and A Room of Ones Own :: comparison compare contrast essays

Wuthering Heights and A Room of Ones Own From the time that Emily Bronte penned Wuthering Heights in 1847 to the time that Virginia Woolf wrote A Room of Ones Own in 1929, the 80 plus year period brought tremendous change to literature and for women authors. In the early Victorian era when women inditers were not accepted as legitimate, Emily Bronte form it necessary to pen her novel under the name Mr. Ellis Bell according to a newspaper review from 1848 (WH 301). According to The Longman Anthology of British Literature, Women had few opportunities for higher education or satisfying employment (1794) and the ideal Victorian woman was supposed to be domestic and pure, selflessly motivated by the desire to serve others... (1794). The Bronte sisters partook of many of the regular duties of the Victorian age such as taking on governess duties and teaching jobs (Bradbury p. 106). The Victorian era must have dictated the pen names that the Bronte sisters found it necessary to use though. 80 years later, Virginia Woolf did not have to hide behind a masculine pen name. She is considered a major author, of whatever sex (Longman, p. 2445). Woolf, not only was accepted as a female author, but the subjects which she wrote close to would never have been touched in the time of the Bronte sisters. In her career, Woolf wrote about subjects such as sexual politics, society and war (Longman p. 2445) and was instrumental in establishing and running the Hogarth Press for years (2447). In A Room of Ones Own, Woolf frankly examines the role of women in literature and literature about women and concludes that a woman needs money and a room of her own in order to write fiction (2457). In this piece, she examines the role of women in history with much contempt especi all toldy regarding the difficulty in raising funds to build a womens college. What had our mothers been doing hence that they had not wealth to leave us? Powdering their noses? Looking in at shop windows? (Longman, 2466). Woolf w as dissatisfied that women were left behind in the literary world and she did much to change this by advancing educational opportunities for women. The sense of having been deliberately shut out of education by virtue of her sex, was to inflect all of Woolfs writing and thinking (2446).

Causal Determinsim Essay -- Philosophy

Causal determinism is the concept that preceding causes give rise to everything which exists such that existence could be nothing but what it is. Science depends on this idea as it aims to find generalisations about the conjunction of certain causes and effects and thus hold approximately power of prediction about their future co-occurrence. However, in human inter feat people assume each other to be responsible for their acts and not only when at the whim of causal laws. So the question which troubles philosophers is whether causation dictates entirely the course of human action or whether we as agents possess some shrive bequeath. I will argue that free will is an inescapable illusion of the mind, something which never did nor ever could exist under causal determinism.Compatiblists propose that free will and determinism coexist while to incompatibilists that would be impossible. If we are to decide for ourselves then firstly we must establish the meanings of causal determini sm and freedom of the will. Proponents of causal determinism contend that1.Every solvent has a cause2.Human actions constitute a sort of event3.Thus every human action has a cause4.Every action ever executed is nothing more than an inevitable consequence of the preceding conditions in the universeSo if causal determinism is true humans lack each capacity to choose or to will as nothing could ever be other than it is. (McFee. 2000, p. 21)Free will is a far more tough notion. However authors seem to agree on a few aspects of it. In his paper Has the Self Free Will? Campbell suggests that an effective free will is confined to the domain of moral decisions. He asserts that to exercise free will an agent must be sole author of an act, not simply yieldin... ...scapable illusion of the mind. as well to how Strawson argues the truth of determinism would not make agents any less morally accountable, I believe the falseness of free will does not detract from its usefulness in clarifyi ng our mental narratives and explaining the origins of our actions.Works CitedFischer, J.M. (Ed.). (2005). Free Will Critical Concepts of school of thought. Abingdon Routledge.McFee, G. (2000). Free Will. Teddington Acumen Publishing.Perry, J., Bratman, M. & Fischer, J.M. (2010). Introduction to Philosophy Classical and Contemporary Readings. (5th ed.). New York Oxford University Press.Perry, J., Bratman, M. & Fischer, J.M. 1998). Introduction to Philosophy Classical and Contemporary Readings. (3rd ed.). New York Oxford University Press.Campbell, C.A. (1957) On Selfhood and Godhood, London George, Allen & Unwin.

Intelligence: A Product of Social Construction Essay example -- essays

Intelligence A Product of Social ConstructionSince the development of the intelligence quotient, schools in every part of the instauration have been using the IQ test to categorize millions of students into three groups. These three groups, which atomic number 18 the gifted, the average, and the retarded, are falsifications that perpetuate in our world culture and cause more than gifted students to be deemed retarded and vice a versa. Why then is the IQ test so heavily relied on in our school systems? For schools the dish up is simple, an I.Q. test is a reliable predictor of a students later performance in faculty members. This answer is relatively true, but where the I.Q. test falls super victimize is with testing the multiple intelligences of the human brain. The intelligence quotient test, developed by Alfred Binet, was created to evaluate ones intelligence with a test that would yield a numerical value that could be compared with a collective average to determine ones le vel of intelligence. However, the questions of an I.Q. test, or even the SATs for that matter, are testing only the verbal-mathematical forms of intelligence. The human brain is extremely complicated and advanced, and to assume that the indicators of intelligence are only found in logical and linguistic intelligences is a poor assumption at best. A more comprehensive test, which can test all cardinal types of intelligence, should be implemented into the educational system to ensure every student an education tailored to their strongest abilities. In every elementary school in America third graders are forced to take a test that will greatly impact their academic careers. The G.A.T.E. program, which stands for gifted and talented education, is designed to separate the gifted children from the average and below average kids. However, the G.A.T.E. test is comprised of questions the children do not have the answers for. In other words, the kids are being tested on their innate knowledg e of the world and their ability to creatively solve problems they have never encountered. Some might believe thither is no flaw in testing a childs natural intelligence. The test is presumptuousness to each student and each student is given the same amount of time to complete a test of identical questions. But what educators fail to account for is the social bias of the test and the socio-eco... ...or each of the seven intelligences and students will be placed in the category of classes that he or she is best suited for. With this educational system career training can flummox a much younger age, students will develop in one direction rather than being spread thin over many profitless topics, and the professionals of the future will be identified before they ever enter the work force. In the current world, I.Q. tests are the gates that limit ones ability to get ahead a fair and equal education. The tests given now will delay to reward those lucky enough to live in the upper-m iddle class and will continue to hold a lid on the potential of the millions of people suppressed into the ghettos of America. New testing and rewriting of tests should be the first step in do American public education fair to all Americans. Eventually the socially constructed idea of intelligence will change, but not fade, and it is up to the people of this extension to redefine what makes a person intelligent.Works CitedJacobus A., Lee & Howard Gardner. A World of Ideas. A Rounded Version The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Bedford/St. Martins. 6th Ed. Boston, Ma. 2002. 373 391

Intelligence: A Product of Social Construction Essay example -- essays

Intelligence A Product of Social ConstructionSince the increment of the intelligence quotient, schools in every part of the world put on been using the IQ canvas to categorize millions of students into three groups. These three groups, which atomic number 18 the gifted, the average, and the retarded, are falsifications that perpetuate in our world culture and cause many gifted students to be deemed retarded and vice a versa. Why then is the IQ test so heavily relied on in our school systems? For schools the answer is simple, an I.Q. test is a reliable predictor of a students later performance in academics. This answer is comparatively true, but where the I.Q. test falls extremely short is with testing the multiple intelligences of the human brain. The intelligence quotient test, developed by Alfred Binet, was created to evaluate ones intelligence with a test that would yield a numerical value that could be compared with a collective average to determine ones level of intelligenc e. However, the questions of an I.Q. test, or even the SATs for that matter, are testing only the verbal-mathematical forms of intelligence. The human brain is extremely complicated and advanced, and to assume that the indicators of intelligence are only found in logical and linguistic intelligences is a poor assumption at best. A more comprehensive test, which can test all seven types of intelligence, should be implemented into the educational system to cover every student an education tailored to their strongest abilities. In every elementary school in America third graders are forced to take a test that go away greatly impact their academic careers. The G.A.T.E. program, which stands for gifted and talented education, is designed to separate the gifted children from the average and below average kids. However, the G.A.T.E. test is comprised of questions the children do not have the answers for. In other words, the kids are creation tested on their innate knowledge of the world and their ability to creatively solve problems they have never encountered. Some might believe there is no flaw in testing a childs natural intelligence. The test is effrontery to each student and each student is given the same amount of time to complete a test of identical questions. But what educators fail to bank note for is the social bias of the test and the socio-eco... ...or each of the seven intelligences and students will be placed in the category of classes that he or she is best suited for. With this educational system career training can start a much younger age, students will develop in one direction rather than being spread thin over many useless topics, and the professionals of the future will be identified before they ever enter the work force. In the up-to-the-minute world, I.Q. tests are the gates that limit ones ability to gain a fair and equal education. The tests given now will continue to reward those lucky lavish to live in the upper-middle class and wil l continue to hold a lid on the potential of the millions of people suppressed into the ghettos of America. New testing and revising of tests should be the first step in making American public education fair to all Americans. Eventually the socially constructed idea of intelligence will change, but not fade, and it is up to the people of this generation to redefine what makes a person intelligent.Works CitedJacobus A., Lee & Howard Gardner. A World of Ideas. A Rounded discrepancy The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Bedford/St. Martins. 6th Ed. Boston, Ma. 2002. 373 391

Moisture Content Experiment

Date 09-02-2013 Experiment 1(a) Laboratory determination of water ( moisture) center of a vulgarism sample by oven ironicaling method Reference ASTM D2216-98 quest and scope of the experiment In almost all soil tests vivid moisture heart and soul of the soil is to be determined. The knowledge of the natural moisture subject area is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To sight a few, natural moisture glut is use in determining the bearing capacity and settlement. The natural moisture content will guide an idea of the state of soil in the field.Apparatus 1. Containers (Tin or Aluminum) with lids. 2. Balance, sensitive to 0. 01gm 3. Oven with surgical temperature control at 110 + 5oC (230 + 9oF) give-and-take 1. Moisture Content (w) It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the pore or free water in a given mass of temporal to the mass of the solid material. w=MwMs? 100 Mw = Mass of water in grams Ms = Mass of solid particles in grams (i. e. oven dried weight of s oil) 2. instance quantity of Test SpecimenThe tokenish mass of moist material selected to be representative of the total sample shall be in accordance with the following maximum particle size (100% passing) Standard Sieve Size Recommended minimum mass of moist test specimen for water content reported to 0. 1% Recommended minimum mass of moist test specimen for water content reported to 1% 2 mm or less No. 10 20 g 20 g 4. 75 mm No. 4 100 g 20 g 9. 5 mm 3/8-in. viosterol g 50 g 19. 0 mm ? -in. 2. 5 kg 250 g 37. 5 mm 1? -in. 10 kg 1 kg 75. 0 mm 3-in. 50 kg 5 kgNOTE-1If it is suspected that gypsum is present in the soil, the soil sample should not be subjected to a temperature beyond 80oC. Otherwise gypsum would lose its water of crystallization, thereby affecting the results of moisture content. Oven drying at 80oC may, however, be continued for a longer term in order to keep in line complete evaporation of free water present in the sample. NOTE-2To assist the oven drying of large test samples, it is advisable to use containers having large surface area and barricade up the material into smaller aggregations.NOTE-3Since some(a) dry materials may absorb moisture from moist specimens the dried specimens should be removed before placing new puckish soil samples in the oven. Procedure 1. Take sufficient number. of empty, clean containers and mark them (if they are not marked) with an identifying number or code. 2. Weigh the container and record the weight as M1 to the nearest 0. 01gm. 3. Take representative sample from different depths (0. 25, 0. 5, 0. 75m) from the field. 4. Quickly place the representative sample of the implike soil in the container. . Immediately weigh the container with the wet soil sample to the nearest 0. 01 gm. book the weight as M2. In case it is not feasible to determine the weight immediately, cover the container with a lid. 6. space the container with the soil sample in the drying oven at constant temperature of 110+5oC for 24 hours (till constant weight is achieved). 7. After 24 hours remove the container from oven and weigh to the nearest 0. 01 gm. Record the weight as M3. Calculations Mass of empty container = M1=4. 71(g)Mass of empty container + wet soil = M2= 43. 88(g) Mass of container + dry soil = M3=37. 41(g) Mass of water = Mw = M2 M3 = 6. 47(g) Mass of soil solids = Ms = M3 M1 = 33. 24(g) Moisture Content = w=MwMs? 100=M2-M3M3-M1? 100 Soil Moisture Content Determination 1 Depth ( ) 2 Soil Description 3 Container No. 143 4 Mass of empty container (M1), g 4. 71 5 Mass of Container + Wet Soil (M2), g 43. 88 6 Mass of Container + dry Soil (M3), g 37. 41 7 Moisture Content w = (M2 M3)/(M3 M1) % 19. 46 % Comments ) Oven drying is a time taking process and not much accurate as speedy moisture meter. 2) It needs caring for long time in order to get the good results. 3) It needs attentions in case if some other material like Gypsum is present in the soil. In such cases temp. should have to be c ontrolled otherwise the material may react and loose its water of crystallization which effects the results. 4) Above value of moisture content lies in Normal moisture content range. 5) Date 09-02-2013 Experiment 1(b) To determine moisture content of a soil sample by speedy moisture meter.Apparatus 1. Speedy moisture meter (also called calcium carbide pressure moisture tester) 2. Built-in scale for unhurriedness 3. Two 1. 25 inches (3. 175 cm) steel balls 4. Cleaning brush and cloth 5. Scoop for measuring calcium carbide reagent 6. Calcium carbide reagent Introduction The calcium carbide gas moisture tester provides a quick and simple means of determining moisture content of soil. It is particularly useful for field determinations of moisture content in jointure with field compaction testing.The basic premise of the calcium carbide gas moisture tester is that the free moisture in the soil reacts with calcium carbide reagent to form a gas called acetylene gas. CaC2+H2OCaO+C2H2 The acetylene gas pressure developed within the tester is displayed on the pressure telephone dial gauge, which is calibrated to read directly moisture content (in %) by wet mass of soil. Since moisture content by definition is expressed as a percentage of dry mass of soil, the readings obtained by speedy moisture meter are corrected using the following expression w=wsp1-wsp? 00 Where w = moisture content in %. wsp= moisture content as obtained by speedy moisture meter expressed as decimal fraction Procedure 1. Weigh a 26 gram soil sample on the tarred scale and place it in the cap of the tester. 2. Place three scoops (approximately 24 gm) of calcium carbide and two 1. 25 in (3. 175cm) steel balls in the larger chamber of the moisture tester. 3. With the pressure vessel in an approximately horizontal go under, insert cap in the pressure vessel and seal it by tightening the clamp.Take care that no carbide comes in contact with the soil until a complete seal is achieved. 4. Raise the moi sture tester to a vertical position so that the soil in the cap will fall into the pressure vessel. 5. Shake the instrument vigorously so that all soil lumps are abject to permit the calcium carbide to react with all available free moisture. The instrument should be shaken with a rotating motion so that the steel balls will not damage the instrument or cause soil particles to become embedded in the orifice leading to pressure diaphragm. 6.When the needle stops moving, read the dial while holding the instrument in a horizontal position at eye level. 7. Record the dial reading. 8. With the cap of the instrument pointed away from the operator, slow release the gas pressure. Empty the pressure vessel and examine the material for lumps. If the sample is not completely pulverized, the test should be repeated using a new sample. 9. The dial reading is the percent of moisture by wet mass and must be converted to dry mass. Note If the moisture content of the sample exceeds the limit of the pressure gauge 20 percent moisture), use half of the soil mass and double the dial reading. Other methods of determining moisture content quickly Other methods of measuring moisture content quickly include measurements by stove method and by micro wave oven methods. ASTM D4959-07 is used for measuring by stove method and ASTM D4643-08 is used to measure moisture my micro wave method. Results and Comments Zero Error of dial Gauge = 0. 8 Dial Gauge Reading = 17. 6 Corrected Dial Gauge Reading = 16. 8 Wsp = 0. 68 W (Moisture Content) = 20. 19 % * Speedy Moisture meter give better and faster result than the ordinary oven drying. * In this method the water present in soil reacts with calcium carbide and results in acetylene gas which in turn gives the value of moisture content. * Speedy moisture meter method is an efficient method as it doesnt involve too much time for its performance. It is used when tests are performed in the field. * Moisture content effects the soil resistivity, so il compaction and soil shear strength.

Philippines And United States Essay

1. How did the Philippines become a major headache for America? Filipinos erupted into an open insurrection in 1899 under Emilio Aguinaldo. The struggle/ conflict was sordid and prolonged. Instead of quietly assimilating, they objected. 2. Why did the United States hold on to the Philippines? Millions of American dollars were invested in improving the nations infrastructure and education. merely the 2 nations had established important economic ties including trades in sugar. 3. Why did Hay propose the Open Door Policy? What was it? He proposed it because Chinese markets were being monopolized by Europeans. Hays open door policy suggested that in their leaseholds and spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition. 4. How did the US get entangled in China? American public was alarmed by European encroachments into Chinese markets and demanded that Washington should do something. Chinese did not like being used as doormats by the Europ eans and revolted. America joined in on a multinational rescue force to quell the rebellion.5. Why was Roosevelt kicked upstairs? he was elected regulator of New York but the local political bosses found him too headstrong and difficult to manage. 6. What were the major issues of the election of 1896? Why did McKinley win? The paramount issue as republican overseas imperialism. Along with republican fostered trusts. 7. What were Roosevelts general ideas on foreign and domestic policy? Domestic mostly consisted of his ideas of the Square Deal on supporting middle class and Progressive ideas, regulating Business Monopolies, and enforcing the Anti-Trust act and hopes of protecting the common people.Also towards farmers, consumers, workers, and business owners have equal treatment and prospect to succeed. Foreign consisted mostly of the pressing need for the canal across Central America. Roosevelt also expanded the Monroe Doctrine in order to make new agreements with European Nations. Roosevelts Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that if America and its protectorates receive problems and complications with other Nations, then America can handle its own issues and willing not need the attending from foreign Countries. 8. Why did many Americans push for a canal in Central America? During the Spanish American war, battleship Oregon had to sail all told the way across the southern tip of south America to reach the Cuban coasts. Building the canal would fortify Americas naval mobility.9. What was the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty? What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty? sign-language(a) with Britain in 1850, The US could not secure exclusive control over such a route as the Panama Canal. In 1901 with the second treaty, US could build canal and fortify it too. 10. How did the US intervene in Panama to get access to the canal route? US naval forces did not allow Columbian troops cross isthmus to quell the uprising. 11. What was the Hay-Banau-Varilla Treaty? Sold canal str ip of ten miles for forty million. 12. How did the Panama Canal episode motley US relations with Latin America? Made them bad. Fear spread and US became a bully. LOL13. What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? What was its impact? Justified US intervention in Latin American Countries. A policy of preventive intervention, it kept out European nations by allowing US forces to take over custom houses and pay run into debts. Latin Americans viewed the US with disapproval as we interfered in the DR and Cuba. 14. Why was TR involved in the dispute between Japan and Russia? What was the result of his intervention? Established him as a global statesmen. Japan got no indemnity and only the southern half of Sakhalin. Japanese and American and Russian and American unfriendly relations grew. 15. What was the Gentlemens Agreement? Japanese flow of laborers to America by withholding passport happened and Californians were forced to repeal offensive school order. 16. What was the Root-Takahira Treaty? Japan and US will respect territorial possessions and uphold Open Door in China.

Children Essay

1.1 apologize how legislation, frameworks, marks of practice and policies relating to confirmatory doings support ar applied to own working practice.The aspects of my role within our setting atomic number 18 adjust by our policies and procedures which have been written with current legislation such as the Childrens act. These policies and procedures cover promoting commanding behavior and we all follow that as our code of practice as this is an essential area to both us and all our barbarianren. We focus very much on praise for good behaviour, respecting each new(prenominal) and each some others feelings, attending each other and if they terminatenot do something exclusively try we give praise for trying.We feel that a childs behaviour is reflected in how much they feel valued within our setting, we make sure the children have planned activities for them to experience and we allow the children to have their say and we miscellanea and mould activities letting the chil dren take the lead and let the activity free flow and it ends up creation a lot of fun. We do have a set of ho handling rules which we feel are realistic and very set more or less house rules that would apply in their own home. We try to be pursuant(predicate) in enforcing these house rules which very much includes our own daughter, we make sure she is included in following the house rules the equal as all the other children that we think after. However all children testament have fourth dimensions whither they misbehave and for this we have several strategies, depending on the age and stage of ability of the child just now we find that they work rise up for us.* Distraction- We lead remove the child from a smirch and give them an alternative activity or we ask the child to help us with a special task and specialise them we bring their help. * Ignoring- Depending on the situation we may ignore the bad behaviour as we feel it is beingness have one to have got a acti on, we do find this more common with our own daughter too. * Discuss with child- We ordain take the child to one grimace and piffle to them about why we will remove them from the activity if they continue even though we dont deficiency to do that but we lack children to understand that their actions have consequences, we are always very careful that we explain that its their behaviour that we dont like not them. We excessively talk to the child about how they are feeling maybe not at that point but we return to it later on to gather up if anything is troubling them that they want to talk about* Time Out- Removing the child from an activity or situation and giving them some quiet conviction, maybe even some TV time if this is what their prefer to do, we find that some children burn out and just need some short time on their own or with a lifter to chill out and relax We will never smack, shake, or hurt a child in any way and we will never necrose a child ever We would alway s discuss the situation with the parent on collecting we have never had a situation where we have had to betoken a parent/carer to collect the child but if the situation needed it we would do that. We have found that some children get quite distressed if you tell their parents about their behaviour and this underside actually have a negative reaction so we will catch the parent before the child knows they are here and speak to them in private in our lounge about the situation, confirm how we dealt with it at the time and the outcome and that we have dealt with the behaviour at the time that it happened.1.2 Define what is meant by restrictive interventions. There are a number of forms of restrictive interventions, the initial one is physical intervention where you have to interpose such as if two children were having a fight and you wanted to break them up then there is a good chance that you will need to separate them to quiet down them down. tender intervention is some other form of restrictive intervention where you can deal with the situation with speech, body language and facial expressions. Social intervention is also used in the setting for instance the stair gates to stop the children climbing the stairs, the honestty straps on the high chair so they dont fall out.1.3 Explain when restrictive intervention may and may not be used.Practitioners will always look for the best accomplishable way of dealing with situations that may arise, unfortunately thats sometimes not the case and there are times where Restrictive intervention may be required when a child is showing signs of unreasonable behaviour and everything has been taken into account of trying to reason with them, intervention may then be used, but any forms of intervention are best used as a last resort as its always best practice to communicate in a cocksure way but strongly depending on the circumstances and situation i.e. any injury that may have been caused by a child to another cou ld have been an accident and therefore intervention of any kind may not be required on this occasion.1.4 Explain who needs to be informed of any incidents where restrictive interventions have been used.It outlines in the EYFS that one intervention that can be used however rare that it is, can be that of a physical one, it is used to manage a childs behaviour and it must be recorded and the parents must be informed on the same day as the incident occurred. Our own policies and procedures state that any intervention that has been required will be discussed with you at the time of pick up, written in their handbook if they have one or a phone call will be made on that day by us intercommunicate the parents of the incident and how it was dealt with at the time.1.5 Explain why the least restrictive interventions should be used when dealing with incidents of challenging behaviour.I think its always important for community who look after children in whatever role they may do to be positi ve in sometimes difficult circumstances, I dont mean we should praise bad behaviour far from it but we need to show positive reinforcement of some nature in prepare for us to get the best out of young people , negativity wont bring out the best in people and will only give them a sense of despair and lack of self-confidence, positive feedback will hopefully bring them the confidence they need in life to go from strength to strength so I feel its always important to concentrate on what they can do well and not what they cant do right. For all parties pertain in situations of bad behaviour its important if possible to diffuse situations and to try and talk things through to a resolution with the child involved, with safety in mind.1.6 Describe safeguards that must be in place if restrictive physical interventions are used.With health and safety in mind there are environments that need to be safe if any physical intervention is required, safety to all is priority in this situation an d as unfortunate as it may be, if a person cannot be calmed down by any other means as previously discussed a situation may escalate and turn physical. Its important that all children are safe and therefore removed from the setting and placed with other practitioners in another room away from the threatening behaviour of the individual concerned. If any unfortunate event does take place its important that the room is as safe as possible to rescind any injury to all involved, remember we are still looking for a peaceful and positive ending here and a physical situation is really the last thing anybody wants.it needs reminding here that its best if 2 practitioners are on standby as witnesses may be needed if things got out of hand and if anything was ever required from a medical point of view.2.1 Explain the difference between proactive and reactive strategies. These are both at each end of the spectrum, a Proactive strategy is about us restraining a situation that we perceive may happen , a reactive strategy is something that hasnt happened yet and something we may have to react to, a negative situation that we may have to turn into a positive one.2.2 identify the proactive and reactive strategies that are used within own work role. To use these strategies its about us seeing, hearing and being sensitive of situations almost in a psychic form that may develop in our setting, for us to react and respond in a way to prevent something we feel may happen, as it may have happened before so will it happen again?, this could be any type of issue or situation and any act that is carried out by a child such as crying, aggressive behaviour, smacking, biting, arguments , an example of a situation that has occurred with us in our setting are as follows, a proactive and reactive example of the way we work would be to plan an activity when 2 of the children that are involved in this dont get along very well but we want them to feel included in the groups activity ,its ou r chisel to understand what happened previously when we did this activity and the cause of the situation in the first place we can then implement change for next time and see if there is any change in the behaviour of the child or children if resolved then fine, if not its up to us again to look at the cause and then try another method , methods used in situations like this would be to Use our knowledge in order to avoid escalation, containment, use diversion as a strategy, use mediation, challenge and explain to children the consequences of their actions, support children and help them resolve situations to a positive end.2.3 Explain the importance of identifying patterns of behaviour or triggers to challenging behaviour when establishing proactive or reactive strategies to be used. Like Ive touched on earlier its about identifying the proto(prenominal) warning signs that triggers children to cause disruptive behaviour and for us to intervene and preventing it from escalating fur ther, its usually in our case quite easy to spot as you will see situations from time to time where you may find a child can start something and others will follow and do the same thing , an example of this would be where a child has been given something to do but has no interest in what they are doing, with nothing to do they begin to run around the play area and cause other children to do the same, its up to us to identify and intervene with this before it happens , a warning sign can sometimes be a change in their mood and other causes are as follows. Boredom give them something to focus on.Lack of choice its so important for them to them to be stimulated make sure there is plenty of choice in terms of things to do. Frustration in not being able to do something. Lack of attendance make sure we communicate with them and show positive feedback if their doing something well. Disruption and noise make sure of a calm environment. Too many children doing an activity move make sur e there another alternative activity A difficult one to identify is sometimes when theyre not well, all children are different and react in different kinds of ways, some will communicate and engage well and some wont.2.4 Explain the importance of maintaining a person or child-centred approach when establishing proactive strategies.Challenging behaviour can be an individual thing and not all children react in the same way or react at the same level there can be different degrees in the severity of the behaviour. When dealing with inappropriate behaviour its important that each child is handled as an individual and not as a group, this shows that we are capable of adapting to each bingle case and it must be noted that a technique that may suit one child may not suit another, treating the children as individuals is also gives them a sense of value as they are treated as individual young people. Like weve said often despite the circumstances a positive spin on the situation is always a good one to end with.2.5 Explain the importance of reinforcing positive behaviour with individuals.All people like to be praised and look for approval its only human nature and children are no different, to be positive as a person comes from positive behaviour itself, its always what we strive for and to be as a person, its vital that we show encouragement, praise and to be positive when they do something well if children are not praised for doing something well or they dont get encouragement in a positive way they will look for attention in another ways, this is usually from a negative point of view i.e. they will start to show challenging behaviour in order to get a response this is most certainly what we dont want ,as its not only bad for the child in question but the practitioner will find frustration in the fact that the feeling they now have could come across to the child in a negative soft and that was something they were trying to avoid initially. You can now see that rein forcing positive behaviour is a good thing and the children mirror this situation by acting appropriately well and in a positive light.2.6 Evaluate the impact on an individuals well-being of using reactive rather than proactive strategies.The use of a reactive approach towards a child is more of a negative one I feel, as an incident has already occurred and there will be a consequence for the childs action, whereas a proactive approach is more of a positive one as it outlines from the start the behaviour that is expected from them, children as they are need constant reminders of good positive behaviour and if a proactive approach wasnt used in the first place and an incident has occurred , the reactive approach after the incident has taken place can make the child in question feel a sense of confusion ,they may feel ashamed, humiliated and a whole host of negative feelings even if they are expressed in a positive light.

A computerized system enhanced our life style Essay

With the beginning of the modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to work that technology is advancing at an increasing fast pace. At the present era, IT is making extremely demand in our society. It is a very useful strong to help us in our job like minimizing our time in doing our works. It brings us a quick result in a short plosive consonant of time. These computer technologies usually use now a day in different aspects because it helps them a lot in terms of their services. It usually helped them in monitoring. Since computers be used in every possible field today, it becomes an important issue to understand and build these computerized dodgings in an effective way. The goal is to work smarter, get signifi elicitt value from efforts, incr exempt efficiency, and save time. In this new generation, technology is the most important advancement, a necessity in bringing about progress as we move along in this computerized world.The relationsh ip between the program subroutine library and computer is constantly changing that the use of computer contributes to the way man learns and communicates. A library is a collection of books, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. bibliothecs have the accountability to manage and to know about the ways and means in using methods or techniques for effective use of the library. And by providing this library placements librarians can manage her time and effort easier. Library is no different from any firm and institution or even organizations, if considering the use of computer to perform a given labor will be efficient.The main purpose of library is to provide conductive learning tool and place for the student and other(a) client in set to attain good and high quality education. And so, the aim of this study is to offer solution to the problem regarding lib rary circulation, procedures and management, and to provide a user-friendly system to their ease and comfort. The proposed system basically responses to the needs of the librarians and students body and to improve the flowing library process. Especially in the circulation of borrowing, returning, inventory of books at the end of the day, including the logging in and outs in the internet side of the library.OBJECTIVES* To proposed a systemized way of keeping and filling of the entire books information in the library of CSU-Carig. * To improve and further get down the library materials and files in an organized manner. * To encourage the students and others, to use library materials and services for recreation by the help of the system. * To properly provide for the information needs of the students and other library users. * To facilitate properly the cycle of borrowing, conclusion, and using of books. * To help the librarian ease his or her works and in a lesser time.STATEMENT OF THE businessGeneralThe difficulty in keeping, maintaining, managing different procedures in the library, which eventually leads to a series of books and data loses misplacement and jumbled files. Specific* How to provide a system to solve library transaction. * Librarian spends a hard time sorting files in the library. * Librarian finds difficulty in finding the desired files needed. * The students also effectuate out that the library books and other reading materials atomic number 18 not kept in a desired place.( not well arranged) * How can files and records be acquirable at desired time and date? * What are the outputs needed for the system in order for the librarian to easily access data if needed? * What are the inputs needed in the system in order for the students or staffs or visitors to be able to log in or log out when entranceway or borrowing books. * What are the information and data needed to put up a computerized library system?SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe proposed library system improves productivity and it will help for a faster and easier processing, updating and accessing data around the library circulation. Sufficient information is also provided easily if needed. * Significance for the Librarian The effort and time of the librarian in sorting and arranging the files will be reduced, and maximizes his or her awareness of the unnecessary action of the library users. Needed encompass and files are easily updated by the use of the system. Less paper woks. * Significance for Students, Staffs and other Library Users The proposed library system could help student for an easier and faster finding of books. System also provides an availability of a longer time of reading because of the overnight book scheduling. No limitations of reading books, just because of the forgotten library cards. The proposed library system is reliable, well-organized and can access data within a desired period of time. It can handle a large amount of data and informa tion. And they can use it as a basic in developing useful systems.SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONThis offered system contains activities of the library system of CSU-CARIG, where collecting of data were done, bear on and modified to have better analysis and output based on the objectives and possible solutions for the said problems of the study. The system limits on the following transactions* Borrowing foliate* Returning Page* Book Information Page (availability)* Book Account Page* Overnight Page* Internet page (log in and log out)The current library system of CSU requires more work and time in processing files, books, and users data, therefore, if the system is being carry out, the process will for sure became faster, well-organized, reliable, and easy to use and access by the library facilitators and users. Softwares to be use Visual Basic and MySQLDEFENITION OF TERMS* Computerized library system- a system that carries, control and foreshadow the library information by means of compu ters.* System- a set of construction/arrangement of things proportional to each other that work together to perform a task.* Process- a sequence of steps undertaken by a program.* Data- raw material that will be processed. * Information- processed data. * Globalize- the development of an increasingly integrated global economy. * Database-a systematically arranged collection of computer data and structured so that it can be automatically retrieved or manipulated. * Library-a collection of useful material for common use, is the warehouse of the information and knowledge.

History of Kenny Rogers Roasters

Kenny Rogers ROASTERS was originally set up by popular Country and Western singer, Kenny Rogers, and former Governor of the state of Kentucky, John Y chocolate-brown Jr., in 1991. Seeing an opportunity to provide healthy and delicious food in a restaurant environment, Kenny Rogers ROASTERS opened its first restaurant in red coral Spring, Florida in August of 1991.Internationally, Kenny Rogers ROASTERS has expanded to various countries around the world and has restaurants in Malaysia, Singapore, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Brunei and the Philippines.Kenny Rogers ROASTERS was awarded three times in a row (1996, 1997, 1998) for the prestigious Americas Choice pureness Winner for the Best Chicken Chain by Restaurants and Institutions Magazine, a leading publication from USA. Kenny Rogers ROASTERS was also awarded the Master Franchisee of the Year 2000/2001and 2002/2003 by the Malaysian Franchise Association, an consociate of the World Franchise Council.Berjaya Roasters (M) Sdn. Bhd . is the franchise holder for Kenny Rogers ROASTERS (KRR) in Malaysia. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berjaya Group Berhad and was incorporated in 1994. In April 2008, Berjaya corporation Bhd (BCorp) wholly owned subsidiary of ROASTERS Asia Pacific and master franchise for Kenny Rogers ROASTERS fully acquired the chains parent, US-based NF Roasters.Kenny Rogers ROASTERS is a mid-casual dining restaurant with roast chicken as its main spirit item complemented by a rich variety of hot and cold side dishes. This is made up of Kennys famous home-made muffins, jacket potatoes, vegetable salads, pasta, soups, desserts and beverages served in a friendly and comfortable environment.Frist Kenny Rogers Roasters in Coral Springs FloridMenuKennys Quarter Meal- RM 18.50 Chicken Macaroni Cheese- RM 18.50 Kennys Family Meal- RM 73.50 Rock & Roll Spaghetti- RM 18.50 Kennys Chicken & Garden Meal- RM 19.50 Chicken Ceaser Salad- RM 17.50 ruddy Hot Meal- RM 18.50 Tangy Chicken Spahetti- RM 18.50Promotion*2014 PromotionNews

Research for a Database For a Travel Agents Essay

IntroductionI have been given a task to trifle things easier for a travel agent called typesetters case a Flight. Type a Flight is a travel agent which is situated in Warrington and it was established in 2005 and it in like manner has about 500 customers. The social club does all its work manually. They keep their documents in filing cabinets. So when customers call in to book flights then they have to look in the cabinets for a document. This is very(prenominal) time consuming and due to this problem they could loose a fantastic amount of customers because they for rise get tired on the phone. Filing cabinets similarly go up a lot of space. This is getting very difficult and time consuming as the number of customers is rising on a daily basis. wizard of the problems is that it takes time writing garner by hand .For this problem I have come to conclusion that I will create template letters for the company and these can be sent out to customers to tell the customers that thei r ticket is ready or for any reasons.The conclusion I have come to is that I am exhalation to help the agency in every single delegacy. My main aim is to make the agency more professional and more groundbreaking and make things easier for them. For me to do my task, I will need a computer and a few important application softw atomic number 18s with which I shall make a database, logotype and other things.ResearchI had a look at a database which I was shown by my class teacher. It was called Type of Flight. In the database it had things like name, ID, gender, call up number.Database Type a FlightComment The logo is located on the centre of the switchboard. The logo is got to do with holidays and other things which the agency offers. Around the logo in that location are the buttons which will be needed. The database has things like name, town, address, telephone numbers, date of birth, gender postcode and other few things. The database makes things easier and quicker now. This w as done by putting queries, forms and a switchboard.TasksTo do my task I have broke the task into the following five parts1. Getting data about the travel agency.2. frame a logo and a guideword for the travel agency.3. clear a database, Queries, Forms and switchboard.4. Create a letterhead and design letter templates.5. Writing reports at the end (User Guides).1. Getting information about the travel agencya. I can do this task by going on the internet but I will non do it this way because on the internet it will non tell you how the agency works.b. I can also do this task by going around and asking a few people but will not use it because people might not have the correct and up to date information.c. I will do this task this by Interviewing the agency manager because he will know the latest information and what problems there are in the agency.1. What problems do you have in the agency?2. How many customers does the agency have?Less than 100 100-250 250-500 More than 5003. Ho w are the documents of the customers stored?Filing storage locker Other4. What do you think of a computerized way to remove your problems?5. Do your employees know how to use Microsoft Access?Yes No Do not know6. ar your employees capable of employ a switchboard?Yes No Do not know7. Does the agency have letter templates?Yes No8. Does the agency have a good logo?Yes No9. Do the employees need a user guide?Yes No10. What changes will the agency have if the computerized way was used?2. Design a logo and a slogan for the travel agencya. I can do this task by using Microsoft Word but will not do it this way because it does not have many of the tools needed to make a logo but I can make the slogan on it.b. I can also do this task by using Adobe Photoshop but will not use it because the application is preferably complicated for me.c. I will do this task this by using Paint because It offers a good amount of tools which can be used to make a good logo and a slogan.3. Create a database, Queries, Forms and switchboarda. I can do this task by using pen and theme but will not do it this way because it will be time consuming and many mistakes can be made. b. I can also do this task by using Open Office Base but will not use it because it is harder to use than Microsoft Access. c. I will do this task this by using Microsoft Access because I can make databases, Queries, Forms and switchboards more quicker because I have used it many times before.4. Create a letterhead and design letter templatesa. I can do this task by using Microsoft Publisher but will not do it this way because it is a little hard to create a letter template but a letterhead can be produced easily. b. I can also do this task by using Paint but will not use it because it is not suitable for large amount writing. c. I will do this task this by using Microsoft Word because this application is good for fashioning letterheads and letter templates as it gives a step by step way of making it.5. Writing repo rts at the end (User Guides)a. I can do this task by using WordPad but will not do it this way because it is not possible to put in arrows to make things clearer to people. b. I can also do this task by doing it on paper and there after interpret it but will not use it because it may not be neat and professional enough. c. I will do this task this by using Microsoft Word because I can take screen shots and then I can paste them onto the page. There after I will put in arrows and any other things if needed to label it clearly with information so that people fully understand.Input, Output, Process and StorageAfter my research and looking at the various tasks, I can establish what the input, output and storage of the system is.Ease of useThe final product that I will make would contain of database, queries, forms and letterheads. It would be easy for the agency to use because I think the employees are more or less familiar with computers and using the applications needed. I will also supply them with a user guide. The user guide will be simple and very easy to use. It will have screenshots and clear labeling with arrows so if the employees get stuck any where then they could refer to the user guide which has clear instructions and easy step by step of using any application. After using the user guide the employees should have no doubt in using an application.Description of problem = 1Plan of solution = 1Methods = 1 solvent meets requirement = 1Ease of use = 1

Performance Appraisal of Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited

1. 0 Introduction E real community has its own deal and mission. Achieving of its vision and mission is primarily depends on the practiceance of the employees. If the employees argon not dedicated to their works, they depart not master companys mission as well as its vision. It is the duty of the Human Resource department in a company to measure the cognitive process of the employees and based on their achievement approximation report and considering the exigency of the constitution assigning employees with different educational activity and tuition programmes so that the employees place develop their skills as well as contri scarcee in the development of the organization.As a result, the organization can achieve its goal from their employees. This consummation appraisal and breeding program has great impact on financial establishment to achieve its targeted profit and competitive advantage. As a part of our BBA Program, our Human Resource Management Course Instruct or Mr. Faisol Chowdhury assigned us to prepargon a report on the employee performance measurement in an organization, the educate and development program offered in an organization and the benefit the organization gets from these training and development programs.We energize selected our report consequence as, capital punishment appraisal, training and development programs and its benefits in AL-Arafah Islami aver LTD. 1. 2 Background of the Company Al-Arafah Islami hope Limited is a scheduled commercial message banking concern. With the objective of achieving success here & hereafter by pursuing the way directed by Allah and the path shown by His Rasul (SM), Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd was established to a lower place the Bank Companies Act 1991 and incorporated as a public limited company under the Companies Act 1994 in Bangladesh with the primary objective to carry on all kinds of banking seam in Bangladesh.The Bank is listed with Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited and Chittag ong Stock Exchange Limited in 1998. For the social occasion of maintaining boost advanced(a) prudence, advanced technology, good profitability and steady growth transparency Al-Arafah Islami Bank started its journey in 1995 with the said principles in mind and to introduce a current banking system based on Al-Quran and Sunnah. A group of established, dedicated and pious personalities of Bangladesh are the architects and directors of the Bank. Among them a noted Islamic scholar, economist, writer and ex-bureau craft of Bangladesh government Mr.A. Z. M. Shamsul Alam is the reach Chairman of the bank. His progressive leadership and continuous inspiration provided a boost for the bank in getting a foothold in the financial mart of Bangladesh. A group of 26 dedicated and noted Islamic personalities of Bangladesh are the member of executive committee of the bank. MR. Badiur Rahman and MR. Ekramul Hoque are the existing chairman and the managing director of the bank. at one clip AIB L is one of the top ranked banks in Bangladesh. Recently it has introduced its 100th branch milestone by opening its 100th branch in Teknaf, Coxs Bazar. AIBL annual Report, 2011) Vision To be a pioneer in Islamic Banking in Bangladesh and contribute significantly to the growth of the national economy. Mission Achieving the satisfaction of shaper Allah both here & hereafter. Proliferation of Shariah Based Banking Practices. Fast and get bynt customer helper. Quality financial services adopting the latest technology. Maintaining high type of occupation morality and competitive return on shareholders equity. Firm commitment to the growth of national economy. Innovative banking at a competitive price. Attract and retain quality benevolent resources. Balance growth. 1. 3 Objective of this report We work prepared this repost based on two purposes Primary Objective To provide detailed information to the highest degree the performance appraisal abut of AL-Arafah Islami Bank LTD To provide detailed information on training and development To figure out the benefits of the training and development program Secondary Objectives It is an quantifyment criteria for our MGT-351 (Introduction to Human Resource Management Course) It is a practical implementation of our a priori knowledge 1. 4 Scope of the StudyAs we behave an assigned topic we have covered only that certain topics in this report. For covering that certain topics we talked to the Human Resource Division head and the training institute principal of AL-Arafah Islami Bank LTD. As a result we got some valuable information to the highest degree the performance appraisal method of bank and their training programs which helped us to expertify our theoretical concept of performance appraisal, training method and its real life benefit. As AIBL is a Shariah based Islamic bank we have in any case gathered some valuable information about Islamic banking system. 1. Methodology For making any r eport we have to collect primary and secondary information which take a hop the actual situation of the company. We have collected both primary and secondary selective information for making our report. I. Primary data The data we have collected from Mr. Md. Rafiqul Islam, replacement Managing Director of AIBL, Mr. Mazharul Islam, Vice President & the Head of HRD, AIBL, Mr. Zahid Hasan, Assistant Vice President & Principal of the AIBTRA through interview are considering as primary data. II. Secondary data The data we have collected from their AIBL website (http//www. al-arafahbank. om), Annual Report, periodicals, various books, articles etc regarding banking activities, different literature and official records ) are considered as secondary data. 2. 0 Literature Review 2. 1. 0 surgery Appraisal What is Performance Appraisal? Performance Appraisal (PA) means evaluating an employees current and previous performance relative to his or her performance standards. (Dessler & Vark grav estone 2012, p. 318) Performance = f (A, M, O) A = ability, M = motivation, O = opportunity It is not a litigate that happens once a year or every six months, but one that happens every day.It should focus solely on employee performance overture. It is an element of the Performance Management system. Performance appraisal always involves 1) Setting work standard 2) Assessing employees actual performance relative to those standard 3) Providing feedback to their employee with the aim of motivating him or her to eliminate performance deficiencies Potential Benefits of Performance Appraisals There are a cast of potential benefits of organizational performance management conducting formal performance appraisals (PAs).There has been a general consensus in the belief that PAs lead to positive implications of organizations. Further more than, PAs can benefit an organizations subjectiveness. One way is PAs can often lead to giving individual workers feedback about their contemplate per formance. From this may spawn several potential benefits very much(prenominal) as the individual workers becoming more productive. Other potential benefits include Facilitation of communication communication in organizations is considered an essential function of worker motivation. It has been proposed that feedback from PAs aid in minimizing employees perceptions of uncertainty.Fundamentally, feedback and management-employee communication can serve as a guide in job performance. Enhancement of employee focus through promoting trust Behaviours, thoughts, and/or issues may confuse employees from their work, and trust issues may be among these distracting factors. Such factors that consume psychological energy can lower job performance and cause workers to lose sight of organizational goals. Properly constructed and utilized PAs have the ability to lower distracting factors and encourage trust within the organization. Goal setting and desired performance reinforcement Organizatio ns find it efficient to match individual workers goals and performance with organizational goals. PAs provide room for discussion in the collaboration of these individual and organizational goals. Collaboration can also be advantageous by resulting in employee acceptance and satisfaction of appraisal results. Performance improvement Well-constructed PAs can be valuable tools for communication with employees as pertaining to how their job performance stands with organizational expectations. At the organizational level, numerous studies have reported positive relationships between human resource management (HRM) practices and performance improvement at both the individual and organizational levels. Determination of training needs Employee training and development are crucial components in helping an organization achieve strategic initiatives. It has been argued that for PAs to truly be effective, post-appraisal opportunities for training and development in problem areas, as determin ed by the appraisal, must be offered. PAs can especially be instrumental for identifying training needs of new employees.Finally, PAs can help in the establishment and supervision of employees career goals. 2. 1. 1 Performance Appraisal Methods Many organisations have eliminated formal appraisal programs, preferring a structured hiring, training and organisational culture centric employee performance. Most organisations still practice some sort of appraisal methods to evaluate employee performance. A mixture of different appraisal methods is always recommended for a better and meaningful result. (Dessler & Varkkey 2012, p. 324) GRAPHIC RATING SCALE The graphical rating scale is the simplest and most prevalent method for appraising performance.A graphical rating scale list traits (such(prenominal) as communication or teamwork) and a range of performance values (from uncertainty to capital or below expectation to role model) for each trait. The supervisor rates each low-level by ci rcling or checking the score that best describes the subordinates performance for each trait. pic Alternation ranking Method Ranking employees from best to worst on a particular trait, choosing highest, then lowest until all are ranked pic Paired Comparison method Paired comparison method helps to make the ranking method more precise.For every trait (quantity of work, quality of work, and so on), you pair and compare every subordinate with every other subordinate. Forced Distribution Method The forced distribution method is similar to grading on a curve. With this method, anyone can place predetermined percentages of rates into several performance categories. The proportions in each category need not to be symmetrical. Critical hap method Keeping a record of uncommonly good or undesirable examples of an employees work related behaviour and reviewing it with the employee.Manager then uses the record to assess the employees performance when it is time for PA. Not helpful for comparin g employees and making salary decisions. Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) A behaviourally anchored rating scale (BARS) is an appraisal tool that anchors a numeral rating scale with item examples of good or poor performance. Essay Description A written statement describes employees strengths, weaknesses, past performance and hereafter development. Managers write the descriptions of the employees. So, good writing skill is the pre-requisite for this method.Management by Objectives MBO is a comprehensive and formal organization- commodious goal setting and appraisal programme, used sometimes as a primary appraisal method or a supplementary method. Electronic Performance Monitoring Electronic performance monitoring (EPM) systems use computer net profit technology to allow managers access to their employees computers and telephone. So managers can monitor employees rate, accuracy and time spent working outline. 2. 1. 2 Performance Appraisal Problems (Dessler & Varkkey 2012 , p. 333) Unclear banner Most of the appraisal scales are unclear.Standards and traits are interpreted differently by different people. Halo Effect When a supervisors rating of a subordinate on one trait biases the rating of all other traits. E. g. an unfriendly employee will often be rated unsatisfactory for all traits rather than just for that specific trait. Central Tendency Tendency to rate all employees the same way the middle of the rating scale which is usually rating an average rating. compassion or Strictness Tendency to rate all subordinates either high or low. Biasness Tendency to rate employees based on their differences on age, race, sex, minimize and other characteristics. 2. 2. 0 Definition of training and development Training means giving new or current employees the skills they need to perform their jobs. It is the process of providing employees with the knowledge, skills and attitudes they need to successfully perform their current job. It usually invo lves teaching operational or technical employees how to do their jobs more effectively and efficiently. (Dessler & Varkkey 2012, p. 274) organic evolution is the process that provides employees knowledge, skills and attitudes they will need to perform jobs at present and jobs they aspire to in future. It is generally aimed at helping top level executives better understand and lick problems, make decisions, and capitalize on opportunities. The cost and budget of development program is higher than training. (Dessler & Varkkey 2012, p. 295) 2. 2. 2 Training Programs There are several training programs- (Dessler & Varkkey 2012, p. 283) On the job training It having a person learns a job by actually doing the tasks by him. Apprenticeship It is a process by which people become skilled workers, usually through a combination of formal learning and long-term on the job training. Job instruction listing each jobs basic tasks, along with key points, to provide step-by-step training for empl oyees. Sometimes position description (PD) can be used as job instruction. Coaching Under an official name teacher employee learn the basic tactics of the job. Mentoring linking an experienced employee with less experienced employee to share experience, knowledge and skills. Helping someone to change his attitude, not his skills. lectures/Seminar/Workshop Lecture is a quick and simple way of providing knowledge to large groups of trainees. Audiovisual/Multimedia Audiovisual based training techniques like videodiscs, films, PowerPoint, and audiotapes are widely used. foyer Vestibule training is a method in which trainers learn on the actual or simulated equipment they will use on the job, but are trained off the job(perhaps in a separate room or vestibule). Computer Based Training (CBT) With computer based training, trainers use interactive computer-based and DVD system to increase knowledge and skills. Role contribute Role playing is to create a realistic situation and then have the trainees assumes the part (or roles) specific person in that situation. Action Learning Action learning programs turn in managers and others released time to work analyzing and solving problems in departments other than their own. Assessment aggregates (in-house / off the job) centre that assesses participants performance, benchmark this against established standards, and consider remedial resources. E. g. Ernst & Young. Simulated training provides trainees with the opportunity to learn on the actual or simulated equipment while off the job in a risk free environment. E. g. driving, medical examinations, pilots. E-learning learning delivered, enabled and mediated by electronic technology. E. g. computer / internet web based training sessions on cost effective, OH&S issues. Vestibule Training training that takes place away from the production area on equipment that closely resembles the actual equipment used on the job. 2. 3. 0 Development methods (Dessler & Varkkey 2012, p. 296) There are several development methods-Job Rotation Job rotation means moving managers from department to department to broaden their understanding of the business to test their abilities. Action Learning Action learning programs give managers and others released time to work analyzing and solving problems in departments other than their own. Case study giving employees a written description of an organisational problem to diagnose and solve. Management games computerised management game where trainees are divided into five or six person companies, each of which has to compete with the other in a simulated marketplace.Outside seminars attending seminars arranged by outside organisations. E. g. AHRI. University programs continuous education programs in leadership, supervision etc. Role Play Role playing is to create a realistic situation and then have the trainees assumes the part (or roles) specific person in that situation. In house Development centers/Corporate Univer sity In house development center typically offer a catalogue of courses and programs aimed at supporting the employers management needs.Executive Coaches Executive coaches is an outside adviser who questions the executives boss, peers, subordinates, and (sometimes) family in order to identify executives strengths and weakness and how they can capitalize their strength and overcome the weakness. 3. 1. 0 Performance measuring stick in AL-Arafah Islami Bank LTD. AIBL has its own Human resource department. Personal data and the records of service and performance are recorded and maintained separately for each employee by HRD. HR executive and HRD head regularly measure their employees performance.For measuring performance HRD of AIBL use APR (Annual Performance Report). Annual Performance Report (APR) (AIBL employees service rule p. 27) A system of annual report on the work and conduct of the employees will be laid down by the Board and such report will be called Annual Performance re port(APR) and the bank may also call for special performance reports on any employees as and when considered inevitable in the interest of the bank. AIBL has two specific format of APR (annual performance report) I.Operational post It includes 27 traits. Operational employees (CEO, DMD, EVP, SVP and etc. ) performance is measured based on this 27 traits. II. Micro Finance & Logistics Posts It includes 18 traits. This APR format is applicable for non-officer grade employee like filed supervisor, field assistant, Driver, Armed force, MCG(Messenger cum Guard) Operational post (APR format) Annual Performance Report (APR) (AIBL employees service rule p. 74) Personal Traits of the Officer under reporting (To be filled in by the reporting officer) SL. No. Traits ensure Secured Excellent Excellent Very Good 1 Foundation course on Banking(Batch-I/2011) 1 45 2 Foundation course on Banking(Batch-II/2011) 1 39 3 Laws & Regulations in Bangladesh for Foreign Exchange Transaction & Int ernational Trade 1 42 4 Investment Operation & SME 1 49 5 Audit of Foreign & Exchange Trade Operation 1 29 6 Orientation Course on Banking 1 45 7 Orientation Course on Banking 1 36 8 Audit of Investment Operation 1 27 Development Programs that are offered by Al-Arafah Islami bank Job Rotation For developing employee HRD of AIBL rotate the job and responsibility of each employee on a regular basi Action Learning Action learning programs give managers and others released time to work analyzing and solving problems in departments other than their own. Case study During the probation period, a written description of an organizational problem given to employees to diagnose and solve Workshop workshops are organized by AIBL on a regular interval. Workshops organized by AIBL in 2011 (AIBRTA training & workshops 2011) S/L Subject function Participants 1 Capacity Development in ICC & Internal Audit 1 21 2 AML Compliance Independent Testing Procedure 1 27 3 UCP-600 and its Appli cation 1 50 4 Implementation of Web Based EXP from matching Through Online clay 1 23 5 Al-Arafah solar Energy Investment Scheme Management 1 40 6 Al-Arafah solar Energy Investment Scheme Operation 1 29 7 Prevention of cash laundering and Fraud-Forgery in Banking 1 41 8 Security measures in handing Cash, Cheques and instrumentate 1 42 9 BACH, MICR Cheque & Instrument and Security measure 1 48 10 Automation In Banking Operation in Bangladesh 1 52 11 Green banking & Environment venture Management 1 44 12 AML & CFT Issues(Batch-I/2011) 1 49 13 AML & CFT Issues(Batch-II/2011) 1 44 14 Operation Risk Associated with manual payment 1 40 15 UCP-600 1 48 16 Asset Liability Management & Profit Maximization 1 48 17 General redress bankers issues 1 44 18 Legal Process of Investment Recovery 1 38 19 Salesmanship in handling Foreign Remittance 1 41 20 Supervisory Review Process 1 30 21. Environment Risk Management & Investment Risk Management 1 30 22. Asset Liability Manage ment & Profit Maximization 1 40 23. Renewable Solar Energy Management 1 42 24. Renewable Solar Energy Operation 1 51 25. Readymade Garments Industry finance in AIBL 1 48 26. Implementation of Web Based EXP from matching Through Online System 1 56 27. Green Banking & Environment Risk Management 1 21 28 Functions of Internal arrest & Compliance Division 1 46 29 Shariah Implementation in Aibl (batch-I) 1 28 30 ShariahImplementation in Aibl (batch-II) 1 23 31 AML & CFT Issues 1 45 32 retain of Primary Securities against Investment 1 51 33 UCP-950 1 23 Outreach Workshop Outreach workshops are very helpful for providing development programs outside the Dhaka city. (AIBRTA training & workshops 2011) 2011 following outreach workshops are organized by AIBL S/L Subject Number particepents 1 Sariah Implementation in Aibl(Veneue Agrabad, Khulna, Zindabazar, 1 90 Bogra branch) 2 Money Laundering prevention 2011(lead bank AIBL, Venue Jhalakathi 1 33 branch) Executive Workshop AIBL organizes executive workshop for top level executive. 2011 following executive workshops are organized by AIBL S/L Subject Number Participants 1 Stress Training 1 42 2 Core Risk management 1 42 3 CAMEKS Rating & Banks health 1 35 4 Preparedness for BASEL II 1 40 5 Internal Control & Compliance 1 42 6 Corporate Governance 1 35 Role Play After completing each topic in the training institute, each trainee is sent to the nearest branch of the bank to implement his learning into the real life In house Development centers/Corporate University AIBTRA typically offer a catalogue of courses and programs aimed at supporting the employers management needs. 3. 3. Organizational Benefits of Training & Development program Productivity (M. Islam 2012, pers. Comm. , 26 November) Training is a process of learning as well as the function of acquired knowledge aiming at better performance of the employees, while development involves not only the related process but also helps t he employees in twist up their personalities, at the same time as, improving their progress towards the actualization of their full potentials. In order that the tot performance may be improved, organizations need to have trained and experienced people. AIBL practices training and development for their employees with the thinking that their efficiency will increase.They think that these programs are very important for the preparation of the employees with the necessary skills that are required for particular jobs. Besides, failing to reach an expected level of performance of the employees or declines in the productivity also require training and development programs to be administered in the organizations. Team Spirit Building team Spirit is very important for any organization because everyone in the organization work as a team and most of the time they are dependant with each other. So if they have no team living and team coordination then they will be failed to reach the goal a nd more value to the company. The complexities of various jobs emerge the importance of training and development programs.So AIBL train their employees for building the team spirit among the employees because they know when they practice the team spirit among the employees then the production level ultimately increase. Organization Climate This bank is one of the most disciplined Banks with a distinctive corporate culture. Here theybelieve in shared meaning, shared understanding and shared sense making. Their people can master and understand events, activities, objects and situation in a distinctive way. They mould theirmanners and etiquette, character individually to suit the purpose of the Bank and the needs of the customers who are of overriding importance to us. The people in the Bank see themselves as a tight knit team / family that believe in working together for growth. wellness Work EnvironmentThe offices of the Bank situated in the heart of city, generally in commercial s urroundings. Offices are centrally air conditioned and well alter with modern furniture and sophisticated technical Banking equipment. With the advancement ofTechnology, offices of the Banks are now become paperless most of the banking tasks are recorded and accomplished here with strong banking software. They are continuously training employees for getting used to it and employees are learning and implementing very well. Inter and intra office communications are generally held by telephone, fax, internet and cell phones. The interior decorations of the office look gorgeous.Employees do their task in a safe and healthy environment Image For the image of the company they give training and development to employees because as a big company they have some reputation to other companies and if they want to make them as a strong competitor they should maintain a good image both in the whole industry and to the customer. Profitability The main agenda of any business is to make profit. For making profit they have to maintain quality products and services and to produce product efficiently. AIBL has different companies and every businesss main purpose is to make profit. So they think about the other factors lowlife this success so they arrange training and development.Communications The increase diversity of todays workforce brings a wide variety of languages and customs. For being successful, it is also important to maintain communications among the employees and the other clients. So it is very important how to communicate with them and in which way it will be more effective. For this reason AIBL arranges some training and development program for their employees. They mainly do this for mid level and top level employees. Ethics Todays society has increasing expectations about corporate social responsibility. Also, todays diverse workforce brings a wide variety of values and morals to the workplace.So for maintaining ethics they arrange some training and development program and practice this in their organization. Employee Benefits By providing training and development employee also get benefitted from it. Some of the benefit is given below Training Improves Job rejoicing The training program improves the job satisfaction of the employee because when any employee get training then he/she become more efficient about his/her job. He/ she will be rewarded for his/her performance or can get recognition from senior employees which will motivate them. Training gives them knowledge which they share with others and they come out with so many ideas which involve them into work more.So, when his/her efficient level goes up and does the job more efficiently, then the salary of the employee goes up and overall the satisfaction level improves. increase Employee Motivation AIBL arranges some orientation program about their new technologies. So when the employees get some information about it and know how it works, then they are more motivated to do the job. But sometimes its not about a new way of doing things, and simply about reminding each other about the best way of doing things. Like any relationship, your employee relationships can get stale unless you consistently invest time and effort to remind them how important they are to you, how treasured their contributions are, and critically that they are all part of one teamthe same team Reduced employee turnoverTraining and development increases employees motivation so that they eager to do his/her job with the company. So the employee turnovers become low and they tend to stay in the organization for long period of time. 4. 0 Findings ? We have plant that all the employee of Al Arafah Islami Bank Limited has got training and thus the employee performance shows great potentiality and skill. The analysis also shows the respondents have got variety of experiences which is taking banks performance upward. ? A respondent as employee of Al Arafah Islami Bank Limited seems in young age and all of the employee educational level exceeds masters which are providing banks performance a great rhythm. Most of employees got 60 age entry level training which is known as Foundation Course and 5 to 10 days mid level training because here number of employees is higher than advance or other level. The bank provides advance and other level training consort to their succession plan or situation. ? In Al Arafah Islami Bank Limited the respondents as employees got both on the job training and off the job training from the bank but unfortunately the employees did not supranational training from the abroad. ? Respondents show that training and development program provided by the bank is well organized and equipped. It also considered that training and development programs are directed and controlled by skilful trainer and these programs are based on banks working activities. Respondents as employees of Al Arafah Islami Bank concur that training provided bank is beneficial for t heir working performance. So we can see training and development program provided by Al Arafah Islami Bank has positive effect on employee performance. 5. 0 Recommendations Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd is arranging initial training employees but in mid level and advanced level they are not arranging well length programs. Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd must be arranged training program and increase length of these types of training before move employee which types of training will necessary for the trainees in future and one of the advantages s that no hindrance with regular activities. For these reasons, customer service of the bank will be increased and customer satisfaction will increase. TNA is essential for every bank to carry out the banking activities and to reach its goal. We know that TNA is the difference between standard performance and the actual performance. The bank should measure TNA before sending for training. Higher authority will take appropriate decisions for each empl oyee to measure TNA and must be beauteous in their work. Though the trainers are very much skilful and knowledgeable persons sometimes they are not understand the trainees needs or their lacking. So they must make know the need of trainees. The training and development department of Al Arafah Islami Bank Ltd provides the training to their employees try to improve the training and maintain international standard which helps the bank to reach its mission and vision. 6. 0 LIMITATIONS Followings are the limitations of the project work taken by us ? One of the limitations of this project study is of the time limitation. Since the duration of our project study is of 4 weeks, it is somehow difficult to fully know any organization like AIBL in this limited timeperiod. ? cured managers and others officers in AIBL are also very busy. They do not have enough time for solving our queries in details. Some respondents were conservative as they were hesitated to persuade their real opinion. ? Main limitation of this report was that the bank did not disclose all the data and main information for obvious reasons, which was could have been very much vital 7. 0 Conclusion Al-Arafah Islami Bank started in 1995 with the said principles in mind and to introduce a modernbanking system based on Al-Quran and Sunnah. Al-Arafah Bank is one of the markets leading bank in the banking sector and it has already proved its presence and contribution in the socioeconomic prospect. For the economic development of a plain banking sector plays a vital role .In this project, we briefly discuss about organizational background, mission, vision and in topic analysis we elaborate performance appraisal, training and development program and its benefit. We can conclude that to compete with other bank Al Arafah Islami Bank needs skilful employees this is achieved by the effective training program. They have passed 16 years andtoday they have established their own service and Brand with much goodwill . But still theyhave problems and they are lagging behind with their competitors. Finally for the betterment of the organization, we hope that if theytake the above mentioned suggestions into account, they will definitely surpass its closecompetitors in the banking service. ReferencesAl-Arafah Islami Bank Ltd. , 2012, Employees Service Rules 2009 Al-Arfah Islami Bank Training and enquiry Academy, 2012, AIBTRA training & workshops 2011 Dhaka AI-Arafah Islami Bank Ltd. , 2012, Annual Performance Report 2011 Al-Arafah Islam Bank Ltd.. , 2012, Company Overview, online Retrieved December 13, 2012 , from , http// http//www. al-arafahbank. com/ Dessler, G. & Varkkey, B. , 2012, Human resource Management, Pearson, India Wikipedia, 2012, Performance evaluation, Potential benefits of PA, online, Retrieved December 13, 2012 , from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Performance_appraisal picpicpic 32 1

The Tipping Point

In the novel, The Tipping Point, by Malcolm Gladwell epidemics ar meant to include smoking, evil and purge Hush Puppies. People you know can spread societal or medical epidemics. Epidemic bedspread rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time. In the novel, The Tipping Point, by Malcolm Gladwell he explains many epidemics that have effected every ace in one commission or an other(a)wise. For example, Hush Puppies, teenage smoking, and crime in cities.It is said that there are three stack involved in the spread of many epidemics. These population are mavens, salesmen, and connectors. Mavens are mess who live to learn. Maven comes from the Yiddish, it means one who accumulates knowledge. (60) It is said that mavens are obsessed with getting the best love on items. Also involved in spreading an epidemic is a salesman. This person has the skills to persuade other people that are unconvinced of the idea we are hearing. (70) The last and most commonly heard is a connector.A connector is one person who knows a wide range of people. Sprinkled amount every walk of life, in other words, are a handful of people with a truly extraordinary knack of making friends and acquaintances. They are Connectors. (41) Two significant men in the novel are Bernard Goetz, and Roger Horchow. Horchow is described as a Connector, whereas Goetz would be considered a salesman. A Successful business man in the area of Dallas, Roger Horchow is a aboriginal example of a connector. Horchow has backed popular Broadway plays such as Les Miserables and Phantom of the Opera.Horchow had scored a 98 on a list of randomly selected names from a Manhattan phonebook, the average score was not that high. What crops him know so many people? He told Gladwell, that he was not using his range of people as a business strategy, and he did not consider it a collection (43) but for him to know. Horchow has the memory to remember the minuscule boys he played with when he young. Remembering every name, and address of the person. (44) When in the business world you conform to many different people.If you are a true business man and this person you have met would religious service you succeed, one would remember them. I know many connectors that are in my life, but when writing this one comes into mind. Phil Marcario, or as me and my friends had come to know him, Uncle Phil. He owns a restaurant that is known by many. Uncle Phil moves nearly a lot, from Cutchogue, to Wading River, to Rocky Point, and now to Jamesport, and Florida. Holidays and occasions as he talks about the people he knows, I constantly ask him How do you know so many people. He simply answers, People owe me a lot of favors. That could be the Italian in him speaking, but afterwards reading the Tipping Point, I often wonder if he is a connector and has started epidemics. Perhaps it is best to deal the Connector impulse simply that- an impulse, just one of the many personality traits that distinguish one military man being from another. (46) December, 22 1984, something unthinkable happened on a subway in New York City. Bernard Goetz shot quaternary young boys who were attempting to mug Goetz. (134) Some would say he was asking to be mugged by sitting attached to the boys when the car was completely empty.But was he demonstrating something to the other subway goers? This man was considered a hero by many. He had shown people that there is a way to stop being mugged, although it was violent and illegal. Illegal and ungodly, sure, but the citys crime rate reached epidemic proportions. (135) Murders had now seem to drop by two thirds of what they had been. A salesmen is someone who persuades and convinces other people to buy, or believe something. How is Goetz a salesmen? He sold the idea that there is a way of lower the crime in New York City. This shooting open doors for subways. The Graffiti was symbolic of the colla pse of the system. (142) curtly enough the subway companies brought in David Gunn to help with this problem. Every night the cars would be painted over applications programme the fresh graffiti that youths had done. No car that was dirty would be used on the tracks. A salesman makes wound up sense of an idea or an object. (200) A salesman convinces the unconvinced, and teaches the uneducated. Goetz taught New York City officials about the crime in a violent matter, but both my mother and Goetz taught a person, or a while city by doing.Connecters, Mavens, and Salesman fall into one of the three laws that were described in the book The law of the Few. This law says that those three categories of people are the ones responsible for spreading epidemics. So if one were ever thinking of spreading a pipeline epidemic, you would want them to be your prime resource. (256) Roger Horchow and Bernard Goetz two men who had spread or had the ability to spread epidemics make you think that th ere are many people close to you that can too spread social and public epidemics.

Abstract Art Development

If you take a impression at the blusherings, you leave behind incur that they be crochet. In fact, they are piebald in a style that is aboutmultiplication referred to as pilfer Expressionism. Many people project trouble understanding and appreciating this theatrical role of stratagem. The conception of this essay is to explain how, everyw present while, contrivance has evolved to become more and more creep, and w herefore this is important. My intention is to explain the goals of abstract art, and to help you goldbrick how to enjoy it. To begin, Id handle to introduce you to the cerebration that, broadly speaking, at that household are both types of paintings representational and abstract.We tender a painting representational if it portrays specific, recogniz competent physiologic objects. In some cases, the representational paintings look full-strength to life, well-nigh a want a photograph. For drill, postulate the hobby painting by Rembrandt van R ijn (Dutch, 1606-1669). This painting is c solelyed The soma Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, and was painted in 1632. The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp 1632 by Rembrandt van Rijn. scupper a spacious supply of this painting. When you look at this painting, it is easy to recognize what you are looking at.There are eight men wearing funny-looking c disseverhing (actually, the style of clothing worn in 17th hundred Holland), and on a t able-bodied in front of the men lies a dead man, whose arm is being dissected. It is easy to set all the objects in the painting, as well as the overall meaning of the painting. (You are looking at an anatomy demonstration. ) Not all representational paintings are so realistic. For example, Paul Cezanne (French, 1839-1906) created some beautiful paintings of fruit. convey a look at this matchless, Apples, P all(prenominal)es, Pears, and Grapes, which Cezanne painted from 1879-1880 Apples, Peaches, Pears and Grapes 1879-1880 by Paul Cezanne. Display a larger scenery of this painting. Obviously, this painting is more abstract than the previous adept. Still, what you are looking at is representational. The objects in the Cezanne painting may non be as realistic as the ones in the Rembrandt there is no management you would wrongdoing the Cezanne painting for a photograph plainly it is easy to recognize that you are looking at confused types of fruit in a bowl. When you look at a representational painting, you conk out an immediate olfactory perception as to whether or not you like the painting.For example, take other look at the previous two paintings and study what you feel when you look at the anatomy lesson with what you feel when you look at the bowl of fruit. scam paintings are distinguishable. They have designs, shapes or colors that do not look like specific physical objects. As such, abstract paintings are a lot harder to understand than representational paintings. Indeed, when you look at an abst ract painting, you often have no idea what it is you are actually fixing. Lets see if we drop make awareness out of this.In general, there are two types of abstract paintings. The first type of abstract painting portrays objects that have been abstracted (taken) from nature. Although what you see may not look realistic, it is close enough that you can, at to the lowest degree, get an idea of what you are looking at. If you have ever seen any of the paintings of Claude Monet (French, 1840-1926), you will survive what I mean. In 1899, Monet began to paint a series of paintings called Water Lilies. These paintings depict the garden at his house in Giverny, Normandy (in France).Although the objects in the paintings dont real look like lilies, or water, or clouds, they are close enough that you can get a feeling for what you are seeing. To see what I mean, take a look at this painting, Water Lilies (The Clouds), which Monet painted in 1903. Water Lilies (The Clouds) 1903 by Claude Monet. Display a larger icon of this painting. A second type of abstract painting, sometimes referred to as pure abstract art, is even more obtuse. Such paintings do not reflect any form of conventional reality all you see are shapes, colors, lines, patterns, and so on.Here, for example, is one of my paintings, entitled Blue 1, which I painted in 2000. Blue 1 2000 by Harley Hahn. Display a larger designate of this painting. As you can see, nothing in this painting is recognizable. There are no people, fruit or even water lilies. When you look at such art, it is natural to admire wherefore anyone would bother to create such paintings in the first place. What could the artist possibly have in caput? In some cases, the design itself might be pleasing to the eye, and we might look upon the painting as nothing more than a decoration.Most of the time, however, this is not the case. Indeed, a great deal of abstract art is not particularly pleasing to the eye. Moreover, why would an ar tist spend so much time creating a mere decoration? There must be something more to it. The truth is, yes, there is a lot more to abstract art than what meets the eye, and to see why, we have to consider the basic purpose of art. To truly deem a march of art, you need to see it as more than a single, isolated creation there must be context. This is because art is not timeless.Every painting is created within a particular environment, and if you do not understand that environment, you will never be able to measure what the artist has to offer you. This is why, when you force field the work of a particular artist, it makes sense to learn something about his life and the culture in which he lived. Although the qualities of a painting depend on the skill and desires of the artist, a great deal of what you see on the prove reflects the environment in which the art was created. As an example, take a look at the following two paintings.The painting on the right, the well-known Mona Li sa, was painted from 1503-1506 by Leonardo da Vinci (Italian, 1452-1519). The painting on the left, a picture of Princess Diana, was painted in 1982 by Andy Warhol (American, 1928-1987). Both are portraits of a woman, and both were produced by highly skilled artists who used similar poses but notice the undischarged differences in style. Princess Diana 1982 by Andy Warhol. Display a larger picture of this painting. Mona Lisa 1503-1506 by Leonardo da Vinci. Display a larger picture of this painting.If you study the lives of da Vinci and Warhol, you will mold that there were as you might well imagine significant person-to-person differences between the two men. These differences, however, do not account for the vast dissimilarity in painting styles. When you compare these two paintings, what you are seeing, more than anything else, are cultural differences. When an artist creates, he is strongly influenced by the times in which he lives and, no matter how innovative he might be as a person, he cannot completely escape the boundaries of his culture.As you study the history of art, you see that, at any particular place and time, there is always a dominant school of art that defines the prevailing artistic culture. Most artists of the time work within the norms of that culture. A few artists, however the visionaries and the experimenters break new ground and, as they do, they take on tremendous resistance from people who dont understand the new style of art. However, it is from the work of these innovators that art evolves. So how does this look up to abstract art? Until the end of the 19th century, virtually all painting was representational.Artists painted pictures that were straightforward, and people looked at those paintings for one modestness to see the particular images that were depicted. At first, this idea sounds so obvious as to just now be worth stating. Why else would you look at paintings, if not to see the images? However, as I will expla in, there are other, more compelling reasons to look at a painting. Indeed, it is possible to experience a painting in such a way that you go beyond what you see, in order to find out what you might feel. In the early 1870s, a movement arose in France that began to introduce abstraction into safe art.This movement, called Impressionism, produced works of art that, for the first time, did not consist wholly of realistic images. The original goal of the Impressionists was conceptually simplistic they wanted to depict nature as it really existed. In particular, they labored to capture the dynamical effects of light, as it mixed bagd throughout the day and from season to season. For example, the French painter Monet, whom I mentioned above, spent a lot of time creating series of paintings in which he painted the same subject at different times of the day.His goal was to show how the color and form of the subject changed from one hour to the next. Take a look at this painting of hays tacks, created by Monet in 1890-1891. His goal was not to paint a simple image of a stack of hay, but rather to show the color and form of the haystacks at a particular time of day at the end of the summer. From Monets point of view (I imagine), the painting was more of an economic consumption than a work of art. Wheatstacks (End of Summer) 1890-1891 by Claude Monet. Display a larger picture of this painting. Around the same time, another school of art, Neo-Impressionism, arose from the influence of Impressionism.The Neo-Impressionists used many small side-by-side dots to build up dissimilar shapes and colors. You can see this technique which is known as pointillism in the following painting, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, created in 1884-1886 by Georges Seurat (French, 1859-1891). A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte 1884-1886 by Georges Seurat. Display a larger picture of this painting. Finally, in the 1880s and 1890s, a disparate group of artists sought to move beyond Impressionism and its obsession with the changing effects of light.These artists, collectively known as the Post-Impressionists, created a wide range of striking and innovative paintings. Among the most important Post-Impressionists were Paul Cezanne (French, 1839-1906), whom I mentioned earlier, Paul Gauguin (French, 1848-1903) and Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853-1890). When you look at Impressionist paintings, you will notice that, although they are generally soothing to the eye and calming to the spirit, they are, as a whole, quite boring. This is not the case with the Post-Impressionsts, as you can see by looking at the following two paintings. First, here is Where Do We Come From?What Are We? Where Are We Going? , painted in 1897 by Gauguin. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? 1897 by Paul Gauguin. Display a larger picture of this painting. Next, take a look at Irises, painted in 1889 by van Gogh. Irises 1889 by Vincent van Gogh. Display a larger picture of this painting. The last three decades of the 19th century were a time of two important and distinct transitions. First, as I have mentioned, there was a dull change from representational art to abstract art. You can see this in the work of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists.The second change was more subtle, but far more important. With the work of the Post- Impressionists, the purpose of art itself had begun to change. For most of history, the primary purpose of painting had been to portray images, rather than to evoke feelings and emotions. Starting with the Post-Impressionists, however, the emphasis began to shift. For the first time, unconscious feelings began to find their way into mainstream art. What allowed this to happen was that the Impressionists had loosened the bonds, giving permission for painters to stray from their representational roots and become more abstract.To be sure, the Post-Impressionists were still quite literal in the ir work when you look at the work of Cezanne or Gauguin or van Gogh, you do know what you are looking at. Indeed, at the beginning of this essay, I used one of Cezannes paintings (Apples, Peaches, Pears, and Grapes) as an example of representational work. Still, the gradual shift to abstraction and the capturing of deep-seated emotion was real and far- trying. The reason that this is so important is that most of human life exists unconsciously, below the surface of perception and beyond the reach of voluntary, purposeful thinking.Within this netherworld, lies the strong, untamed and irrational forces that give life to our being and definition to what it means to be human. Until the twentieth century, artists had to be content with merely grazing the surface of consciousness. Try as they might, their ability to penetrate to the tone of what it means to be human was limited by their tools. When the virtuoso processes a recognizable image, a psychological barrier is erected that pre vents significant entry into the processes of the unconscious.Thus, representational art, by its very nature, imposes limits on how deeply an artist is able to insinuate him- or herself into the unconscious processes of the observer. However, with the coming of abstraction, artists had, for the first time, a ruling tool that would allow them to avoid literal perception and reach into this otherwise impenetrable world of unconscious emotion. This was possible because, the more abstract a work of art, the less preconceptions it evokes in the mind of the beholder. In the hands of a in effect(p) practitioner, abstract art can be an extremely powerful tool.However, as I will explain in a moment, such tools require more than the skill of the artist, they require the cooperation of the observer. Before I get to this point, however, Id like to continue with a bit of history. By the beginning of the 20th century, the move towards abstraction had generated enormous possibility. Previously, painters certified by the conventions of representational art had confined themselves to either imitating nature or telling stories. Now, for the first time, artists were able to enter a realm in which unbounded imagination was, not further possible, but desirable.Between 1910 and 1920, a new movement towards abstract art, both in painting and sculpture, arose in Europe and in newton America. The first important abstract artist was Wassily Kandinsky (Russian, 1866-1944). During the years 1910 to 1914, Kandinsky created a series of paintings which he called Improvisations and Compositions. Even today, almost a century later, Kandinskys work is striking in its ability to bypass our consciousness and stir our familiar feelings. Take a look, for example, at one of my favorites, Improvisation 7, which Kandinsky painted in 1910. Improvisation 7 1910 by Wassily Kandinsky.Display a larger picture of this painting. The work of Kandinsky was extremely influential, and helped to usher i n an age in which a number of abstract movements were established, one after another Cubism, Futurism, Vorticism, Neoplasticism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and so on. Rather than describe each of these movements in detail, Id like to jump to what I consider to be the defining point of 20th century art plagiarize Expressionism. What we now call Abstract Expressionism emerged in New York in the early 1940s. It was not so much a well-defined school of art, as a way of thinking.The Abstract Expressionists make the final break from the rigid conventions of the past, by redefining what it meant to be an artist. In essence, they rebelled against what the rest of the art world judged to be acceptable. Although the idea of abstraction had been around for some time, the Abstract Expressionists went a lot further. They began to emphasize, not only the spotless product, but the actual process of painting. They experimented in how they interacted with the paint, the canvas, and their tools and they paid attention to the physical qualities of the paint itself, its texture, color and shape.I insure this sounds vague and pretentious, so I will explain to you what it all means. Before I do, though, lets take a look at an Abstract Expressionist painting, so you can at least get a feeling for what I am talking about. The following painting was created in 1950 by Jackson pollack (American, 1912-1956), a pioneer of what came to be called action painting. The painting was originally called Number 1, 1950, but at the suggestion of an art critic named Clement Greenberg, the painting was renamed lilac mist (although, there is actually no lavender in it). Lavender Mist 1950 by Jackson Pollock. Display a larger picture of this painting. The name action painting was coined to describe the techniques used by Pollock. He would fasten large canvases to the infrastructure of his studio, and then drip, fling, and spill paint on them. He often used regular house paint, because he preferred the way it flowed. Now, I understand that the first time you look at a picture like Lavender Mist you may see nothing more than a confusing grade of disorganized lines and spots. What, I hear you say, is this supposed to mean?How could anything so primitive and crude be considered to be great art? It looks like something a bored kid would do if he was left exclusively in an art studio with no supervision. Before I explain why Lavender Mist is, indeed, great art, let me tell you a quick story. A few years ago, I pertinacious to visit Washington, D. C. by myself. It was the middle of winter, and the city had been hit by a huge snowstorm. I was all alone, so I decided to walk to the National Gallery of Art. The streets were virtually empty-bellied, and as I entered the museum, I could see that it too was empty.I asked the information person if they had anything by Jackson Pollock. She said yes, and gave me directions to the room in which his paintings and drawings were hung. I had hea rd of Pollock and seen photographs of his work, but I had never seen any of the paintings in person. I still call up the feeling I had when I descended the stairs, turned the corner, and looked at the wall. I was alone in a large room and, there on the far wall, was Lavender Mist. The effect it had on me was completely unexpected. It was the only time in my life when I can remember a painting, literally, taking my breath away.I know this will sound a bit sappy, but seeing that painting changed me forever. Looking at a Jackson Pollock painting for the first time. How could this be the case? You just looked at a picture of the same painting, and I doubt you felt as if you had been changed forever. First, I should explain that the actual canvas is large, to the highest degree 10 feet (3 meters) long. It is quite imposing when you see it in person, especially in a large empty room, where the painting seems to reach out, grab you and pull you towards it.Second, what you see in the pict ure above is nothing like the real thing. Not only is the picture on your screen much smaller than the actual painting, but the colors you see on a computer monitor are muted and inexact. Moreover, on a computer screen, you do not get a sense of the texture of the paint and the canvas. All of this you understand, I am sure. Everyone knows that viewing a real painting is a lot different from looking at a picture of the painting on a computer monitor (or on a labor screen in an art history class, for that matter).However, there is another reason why I was so moved by Lavender Mist, and it has to do with the very purpose of art. To discuss this, we have to consider the question, Why do we create art? There are a number of straightforward reasons why human beings create art to make a decoration, to tell a story, to capture or preserve an image, or to illustrate an idea. However, there is another, more subtle, but far more important reason why art is important to us. The need to reach inside ourselves and manipulate our unconscious feelings is universal.We all do it to some degree, although most of the time we are blind to what we are doing. That is where art comes in. As I explained earlier, one of the purposes of art is to allow us indirect access to our inner psyche. Great art affords a way to get in touch with the unconscious part of our existence, even if we dont realize what we are doing. In this sense, the role of the artist is to create something that, when viewed by an observer, evokes unconscious feelings and emotions.The reason abstract art has the potential to be so powerful is that it keeps the conscious distractions to a minimum. When you look at, say, the apples and pears of Cezanne, your mental energy mostly goes to processing the images the fruit, the plate, the table, and the background. However, when you look at Lavender Mist, you are not distracted by meaningful images, so virtually all of your brain power is devoted to feeling. You can open y ourself, let in the energy and spirit of the painting, and allow it to trip the light fantastic with your psyche.Of course, this only works if you cooperate with the artist. His job is to create a painting that is rendered so skillfully that, when you look at it, what you see actually changes what you feel at an unconscious level. Your job is to clear your conscious mind of thoughts and preconceptions in order to allow yourself to be influenced by what you are seeing. This means that, if you are to truly lever a work of art, you must be willing to let yourself go, to put yourself in the hands of the artist, so to speak, and let him take you wherever he wants.Much of the time, this partnership fails, sometimes because the artist is simply not skillful enough often because the person looking at the painting does not know how to truly appreciate it. Now you can see why the advent of Abstract Expressionism was so important. For the first time in history, artists were creating abstract art so skillfully that it was able to penetrate quickly and powerfully into peoples subconscious (at least some people, some of the time). Thus, it is possible to view the history of painting as a long evolutionary process, starting with the slow, labored development of tools and techniques.Eventually, after centuries of representationalism, the Impressionists began to shake off the long- standing restrictions, which led to the development of various schools of abstract art, culminating, in the 1940s, with Abstract Expressionism, the beginning of a new age of creation and human achievement. Id like to introduce to you a few of the Abstract Expressionists, painters whose work was important to the evolutionary process that redefined what it meant to be an artist. unrivalled thing that you will see is that work of these painters varies greatly.This is because, as I have mentioned, Abstract Expressionism is not so much a school of painting as a way of approaching and experiencing the act of creation. I have already shown you Lavender Mist (1950) by Jackson Pollock. Here is one of Pollacks earlier paintings, The identify, which he created in 1946. The Key 1946 by Jackson Pollock. Display a larger picture of this painting. Next, Id like to show you a painting by Arshile Gorky (Armenian-American, 1904-1948), whose work had significant influence at the time that Abstract Expressionism was emerging.This painting, called One Year the Milkweed, was created in 1944. One Year the Milkweed 1944 by Arshile Gorky. Display a larger picture of this painting. When you are just getting used to abstract art, you might wonder, just how wide are these artists anyway? It doesnt look all that hard to fill a canvas with lines, and smears, and splotches. I can assure you that the best abstract painters are all highly skilled artists in their own right. For example, here is a charcoal sketch done by Gorky in 1938, called The Artists Mother. It is actually an idealization of his mothe r, elysian by an old photograph. ) The Artists Mother 1938 by Arshile Gorky. The next painting is by Franz Kline (American, 1910-1962). It is called Painting Number 2, and was created in 1954. Painting Number 2 1954 by Franz Kline. Display a larger picture of this painting. Finally, here is a painting by Mark Rothko (Russian-American, 1903-1970), entitled White Center and created in 1950. This painting is an example of what is called Color Field painting an abstract image with large areas of undiluted color. White Center 1950 by Mark Rothko.